Css Module 17

 

Css Module 17

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Css Module 17

  Module 17 : CSS Animations – Keyframe Animations, Animation Timing, and Animation Properties

CSS animations allow web developers to create smooth, visually appealing transitions and effects without relying on JavaScript or third-party libraries. This module provides a deep dive into CSS animations, covering keyframe animations, animation timing, and essential animation properties. It includes detailed explanations, practical examples, exercises, and guidance to help learners master CSS animations.

1. Introduction to CSS Animations

CSS animations enable the movement and transformation of elements over time using only CSS properties. There are two primary ways to create animations in CSS:

Transitions: Used for simple animations triggered by user interactions (e.g., hover).

Keyframe Animations: Used for complex animations that require more control over the movement of elements.

This module focuses on keyframe animations and related animation properties.

2. Keyframe Animations in CSS

A keyframe animation defines multiple steps in an animation sequence. The syntax follows this structure:

Syntax of @keyframes

@keyframes animationName {

0% {

     /* Starting state */

}

50% {

     /* Midway state */

}

100% {

     /* Ending state */

}

}

Example: Creating a Bouncing Ball Animation

Let's animate a ball to move up and down infinitely:

.ball {

width: 50px;

height: 50px;

background-color: red;

border-radius: 50%;

position: absolute;

bottom: 0;

animation: bounce 2s infinite ease-in-out;

}

@keyframes bounce {

0%, 100% {

     transform: translateY(0);

}

50% {

     transform: translateY(-200px);

}

}

Explanation:

0% and 100%: The ball is at its starting position.

50%: The ball moves 200px up.

animation: bounce 2s infinite ease-in-out;

bounce: The name of the keyframe animation.

2s: The animation duration.

infinite: The animation repeats indefinitely.

ease-in-out: The animation starts and ends slowly.

3. Animation Timing Functions

CSS provides various timing functions to control the speed of animation:

Function Description

linear Moves at a constant speed.

ease Starts slow, speeds up, then slows down. (default)

ease-in Starts slow, then speeds up.

ease-out Starts fast, then slows down.

ease-in-out Starts and ends slow, fast in the middle.

cubic-bezier(n,n,n,n) Custom timing function for precise control.

Example: Different Timing Functions on Boxes

.box {

width: 50px;

height: 50px;

background-color: blue;

margin: 10px;

animation: moveBox 3s infinite;

}

.linear { animation-timing-function: linear; }

.ease { animation-timing-function: ease; }

.ease-in { animation-timing-function: ease-in; }

.ease-out { animation-timing-function: ease-out; }

.ease-in-out { animation-timing-function: ease-in-out; }

@keyframes moveBox {

from { transform: translateX(0); }

to { transform: translateX(300px); }

}

This example applies different timing functions to different .box elements to observe their effects.

4. CSS Animation Properties

CSS animations have several properties to control their behavior:

1. animation-name

Defines the name of the @keyframes animation.

animation-name: bounce;

2. animation-duration

Sets how long the animation lasts.

animation-duration: 2s;

3. animation-timing-function

Controls the acceleration and deceleration of animation.

animation-timing-function: ease-in-out;

4. animation-delay

Delays the animation before it starts.

animation-delay: 1s;

5. animation-iteration-count

Specifies how many times the animation repeats (infinite for continuous looping).

animation-iteration-count: infinite;

6. animation-direction

Defines whether the animation plays normally, in reverse, or alternates:

Value Description

normal Plays from start to end.

reverse Plays from end to start.

alternate Plays forward, then reverses.

alternate-reverse Plays in reverse first, then forward.

animation-direction: alternate;

7. animation-fill-mode

Determines if the animation applies styles before and after execution:

Value Description

none Default behavior, no extra styling.

forwards Keeps the last keyframe state after animation ends.

backwards Applies first keyframe style before animation starts.

both Combines forwards and backwards.

animation-fill-mode: forwards;

8. animation shorthand

Instead of defining each property separately, use a shorthand notation:

animation: bounce 2s ease-in-out 1s infinite alternate;

Order: animation-name duration timing-function delay iteration-count direction fill-mode

5. Practical Exercises

Exercise 1: Create a Pulsing Button

Task: Animate a button to pulse when hovered.

.button {

background-color: blue;

color: white;

padding: 10px 20px;

border: none;

cursor: pointer;

font-size: 16px;

border-radius: 5px;

animation: pulse 2s infinite;

}

@keyframes pulse {

0% { transform: scale(1); }

50% { transform: scale(1.1); }

100% { transform: scale(1); }

}

Exercise 2: Loading Spinner

Task: Create a rotating loading spinner.

.loader {

width: 50px;

height: 50px;

border: 5px solid lightgray;

border-top: 5px solid blue;

border-radius: 50%;

animation: spin 1s linear infinite;

}

@keyframes spin {

0% { transform: rotate(0deg); }

100% { transform: rotate(360deg); }

}

6. Summary and Best Practices

Use keyframes for complex animations.

Choose timing functions based on animation feel.

Use shorthand notation for cleaner code.

Avoid excessive animations to prevent performance issues.

Use animation-fill-mode: forwards; to keep the final state.

This module provides a complete guide with practical exercises to help students understand and apply CSS animations effectively. It is suitable for beginners and intermediate learners who want to enhance their web designs with smooth animations.

Css Module 16

 

 Css Module 16

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Css Module 16

  Module 16 : CSS Transformations – Translate, Scale, Rotate, and Skew Elements

CSS transformations allow you to manipulate elements by moving, resizing, rotating, and skewing them in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional space. These transformations are essential for creating dynamic and interactive web designs.

1. Introduction to CSS Transformations

        

CSS transformations enable the modification of an element's appearance without affecting the document flow. They are applied using the transform property, which supports various functions like translate(), scale(), rotate(), and skew().

Syntax of CSS Transformations

.element {

transform: function(value);

}

.element: The target element to be transformed.

function(value): Specifies the transformation to be applied.

2. Transform Functions in Detail

2.1. Translate (Moving Elements)

The translate() function moves an element from its original position along the X and Y axes. It does not affect surrounding elements.

Syntax:

.element {

transform: translate(x, y);

}

x: Moves the element horizontally (positive values move right, negative move left).

y: Moves the element vertically (positive values move down, negative move up).

Example:

.box {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: blue;

transform: translate(50px, 20px);

}

Explanation:

The .box element moves 50px to the right and 20px down.

If y is omitted (translate(50px)), it defaults to 0.

Exercise:

Try modifying the translate values and observe the element's movement:

transform: translate(-30px, 100px);

2.2. Scale (Resizing Elements)

The scale() function resizes an element along the X and Y axes.

                 

Syntax:

.element {

transform: scale(x, y);

}

x: Scale factor along the horizontal axis.

y: Scale factor along the vertical axis (optional; if omitted, x is used for both).

Example:

.box {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: green;

transform: scale(1.5, 2);

}

Explanation:

1.5 increases width by 150%.

2 increases height by 200%.

Exercise:

Try shrinking an element by setting scale values below 1:

transform: scale(0.5, 0.5);

2.3. Rotate (Rotating Elements)

The rotate() function rotates an element clockwise or counterclockwise.

Syntax:

.element {

transform: rotate(angle);

}

angle: Rotation in degrees (deg), radians (rad), or gradians (grad).

Example:

.box {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: red;

transform: rotate(45deg);

}

Explanation:

Rotates the .box 45 degrees clockwise.

Negative values rotate counterclockwise (-45deg).

Exercise:

Try rotating an element by different angles:

transform: rotate(90deg);

transform: rotate(-30deg);

2.4. Skew (Tilting Elements)

The skew() function tilts an element along the X and Y axes.

Syntax:

.element {

transform: skew(x-angle, y-angle);

}

x-angle: Skew along the X-axis.

y-angle: Skew along the Y-axis.

Example:

.box {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: purple;

transform: skew(20deg, 10deg);

}

Explanation:

20deg skews along the X-axis.

10deg skews along the Y-axis.

Exercise:

Try skewing in only one direction:

transform: skewX(30deg);

transform: skewY(-15deg);

3. Combining Multiple Transformations

You can combine multiple transformations in a single transform property.

                        

  

Example:

.box {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: orange;

transform: translate(50px, 50px) rotate(45deg) scale(1.5);

}

Explanation:

Moves the element 50px right and 50px down.

Rotates 45 degrees.

Scales 150%.

Exercise:

Try different transformation combinations:

transform: rotate(30deg) translate(20px, 10px) scale(0.8);

4. Transform Origin (Setting the Pivot Point)

By default, transformations apply from the center. You can change this using transform-origin.

Syntax:

.element {

transform-origin: x y;

}

x: Horizontal position (left, center, right, or pixels).

y: Vertical position (top, center, bottom, or pixels).

Example:

.box {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: cyan;

transform-origin: top left;

transform: rotate(45deg);

}

Explanation:

The .box rotates 45 degrees from the top-left corner instead of the center.

Exercise:

Try different origins:

transform-origin: bottom right;

transform-origin: 50px 50px;

5. Applying Transitions for Smooth Effects

To make transformations smooth, use transition.

                

Example:

.box {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: brown;

transition: transform 0.5s ease-in-out;

}

.box:hover {

transform: scale(1.5) rotate(30deg);

}

Explanation:

The .box smoothly scales and rotates on hover.

ease-in-out creates a gradual effect.

Exercise:

Try different durations and easing functions:

transition: transform 1s linear;

6. Practical Exercises

Exercise 1: Create a Hover Animation

Goal: Create a button that moves up slightly on hover.

CSS:

.button {

padding: 10px 20px;

background-color: #3498db;

color: white;

border: none;

cursor: pointer;

transition: transform 0.3s ease;

}

.button:hover {

transform: translateY(-5px);

}

Exercise 2: Create a Rotating Loading Icon

Goal: Create a continuously rotating loader.

CSS:

.loader {

width: 50px;

height: 50px;

border: 5px solid #f3f3f3;

border-top: 5px solid #3498db;

border-radius: 50%;

animation: spin 1s linear infinite;

}

@keyframes spin {

from { transform: rotate(0deg); }

to { transform: rotate(360deg); }

}

Conclusion

CSS transformations (translate, scale, rotate, and skew) allow you to manipulate elements dynamically. By combining transformations with transition and animation, you can create visually appealing effects for web design.

Css Module 15

 

Css Module 15 

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Css Module 15

  Module 15 : CSS Transitions – Animating CSS Properties

Introduction to CSS Transitions

CSS transitions allow you to animate changes in CSS properties over a duration, creating smooth visual effects. Instead of abrupt changes, transitions enable elements to gradually shift from one state to another. This is useful for hover effects, interactive UI elements, and enhancing user experience.

Key Concepts of CSS Transitions

Transition Properties: CSS transitions work on properties that have numerical values (e.g., opacity, width, height, background-color).

Transition Timing: The duration and easing function affect how smooth the transition appears.

Triggering Transitions: Transitions occur when an element's CSS property changes due to user interaction (hover, focus, active) or JavaScript.

Basic Syntax of CSS Transitions

selector {

  transition: property duration timing-function delay;

}

property: The CSS property to animate (e.g., width, opacity).

duration: The time the transition takes (e.g., 0.5s, 1s).

timing-function (optional): Defines the speed curve (ease, linear, ease-in, ease-out, ease-in-out).

delay (optional): Time before the transition starts (e.g., 0s, 0.2s).

1. Simple CSS Transition Example

Example 1: Hover Effect on a Button

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>CSS Transition Example</title>

<style>

     .button {

         background-color: blue;

         color: white;

         padding: 15px 30px;

         font-size: 18px;

         border: none;

         cursor: pointer;

         transition: background-color 0.5s ease-in-out;

     }

     .button:hover {

         background-color: red;

     }

</style>

</head>

<body>

<button class="button">Hover Me</button>

</body>

</html>

Explanation:

When the user hovers over the button, its background color smoothly changes from blue to red in 0.5 seconds.

The transition effect is defined using transition: background-color 0.5s ease-in-out;.

2. Multiple Properties Transition

Example 2: Animating Multiple CSS Properties

      

     

.box {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: green;

transition: width 1s, height 1s, background-color 1s;

}

.box:hover {

width: 200px;

height: 200px;

background-color: orange;

}

Explanation:

The box expands in width and height and changes color when hovered over.

Each property (width, height, background-color) transitions over 1s.

3. Using Different Timing Functions

Example 3: Comparing Timing Functions

.box {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: purple;

transition: width 2s ease-in-out;

}

.box:hover {

width: 300px;

}

Timing Function Effects:

ease: Starts slow, speeds up, then slows down at the end.

linear: Moves at a constant speed.

ease-in: Starts slow, then speeds up.

ease-out: Starts fast, then slows down.

ease-in-out: Starts and ends slowly, with a speed-up in the middle.

4. Adding Delays to Transitions

Example 4: Delaying an Animation Start

.box {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: cyan;

transition: background-color 2s ease-in-out 1s;

}

.box:hover {

background-color: pink;

}

Explanation:

The background color change starts after a 1-second delay.

5. Transitioning Transformations

Example 5: Scale and Rotate on Hover

.box {

width: 100px;

height: 100px;

background-color: red;

transition: transform 0.5s ease-in-out;

}

.box:hover {

transform: scale(1.5) rotate(45deg);

}

Explanation:

The box grows (scale(1.5)) and rotates (rotate(45deg)) on hover.

The transition is applied to the transform property over 0.5 seconds.

6. Transition with JavaScript Event Listener

Example 6: Changing Background Color Dynamically

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="UTF-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

<title>CSS Transition with JavaScript</title>

<style>

     .box {

         width: 100px;

         height: 100px;

         background-color: blue;

         transition: background-color 1s ease-in-out;

     }

</style>

</head>

<body>

<div class="box" id="colorBox"></div>

<button onclick="changeColor()">Click Me</button>

<script>

     function changeColor() {

         document.getElementById("colorBox").style.backgroundColor = "yellow";

     }

</script>

</body>

</html>

Explanation:

Clicking the button changes the box color from blue to yellow smoothly using JavaScript.

Exercises & Lab Experiments

Exercise 1: Create a Smooth Dropdown Menu

Create a navigation menu with a hidden dropdown.

Use CSS transitions to make the dropdown slide down when hovered.

               

Exercise 2: Animate a Loading Bar

Create a div representing a loading bar.

Use CSS transitions to animate the width from 0% to 100%.

Lab Experiment: Interactive Card Flip Animation

Create a card with a front and back side.

Use CSS transitions to flip the card on hover using transform: rotateY(180deg).

Example Code:

.card {

width: 200px;

height: 300px;

perspective: 1000px;

}

.card-inner {

width: 100%;

height: 100%;

position: relative;

transform-style: preserve-3d;

transition: transform 0.6s ease-in-out;

}

.card:hover .card-inner {

transform: rotateY(180deg);

}

.card-front, .card-back {

position: absolute;

width: 100%;

height: 100%;

backface-visibility: hidden;

}

.card-back {

background-color: yellow;

transform: rotateY(180deg);

}

Explanation:

The card smoothly flips when hovered, creating a 3D effect.

Conclusion

CSS transitions are a powerful tool for creating engaging UI animations without JavaScript. They enhance the user experience with smooth effects, and by combining them with transforms, timing functions, and delays, developers can achieve professional animations.